Arteries Of The Lower Limb Illustration
The arterial network of the lower limb is a complex and vital system that ensures blood supply to the muscles, bones, and skin of the thigh, leg, and foot. Let’s delve into the intricate anatomy of these arteries, their branches, and their clinical significance.
## 1. Femoral Artery: The Main Artery of the Lower Limb
The femoral artery is the primary conduit for blood flow to the lower limb. It originates as a continuation of the external iliac artery, which itself arises from the abdominal aorta. The transition from external iliac to femoral artery occurs as it passes beneath the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle. Within this triangular space, the profunda femoris artery branches off from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. Let’s explore its course and branches:
### 1.1. Profunda Femoris Artery Branches
1. Perforating Branches: These three or four arteries perforate the adductor magnus muscle, contributing to the blood supply of the medial and posterior thigh muscles.
2. Lateral Femoral Circumflex Artery: Wrapping around the anterior and lateral aspects of the femur, this artery supplies some of the muscles on the lateral side of the thigh.
3. Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery: Encircling the posterior side of the femur, it provides blood to the femoral neck and head. In cases of femoral neck fractures, damage to this artery can lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
After exiting the femoral triangle, the femoral artery continues down the anterior aspect of the thigh, traversing a tunnel known as the adductor canal. Along its descent, the artery nourishes the anterior thigh muscles. As it reaches the adductor hiatus, an opening in the adductor magnus, the femoral artery transitions into the popliteal artery within the posterior compartment of the thigh, proximal to the knee.
### 1.2. Clinical Relevance: Accessing the Femoral Artery
The superficial location of the femoral artery within the femoral triangle makes it easily accessible. Clinicians utilize this accessibility for various procedures. Notably, coronary angiography involves catheterizing the femoral artery with a thin tube. This tube is threaded through the external iliac artery, common iliac artery, aorta, and into the coronary vessels. Radio-opaque dye injected into the coronary vessels allows visualization of any wall thickening or blockages via X-ray.
## 2. Other Arteries of the Thigh
In addition to the femoral artery, several other vessels contribute to the lower limb’s blood supply:
### 2.1. Obturator Artery
The obturator artery arises from the internal iliac artery within the pelvic region. Descending through the obturator canal, it enters the medial thigh. The obturator artery bifurcates into two branches:
1. Anterior Branch: Supplies the adductor muscles of the thigh.
2. Posterior Branch: Provides blood to the hip joint and adjacent structures.
## 3. Beyond the Thigh: Popliteal Artery and More
As the femoral artery transitions into the popliteal artery, it continues its journey. The popliteal artery then divides into the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. These arteries extend toward the foot, ensuring blood supply to the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg, respectively.
In summary, the arteries of the lower limb form a sophisticated network, sustaining the vitality of our legs. Their intricate pathways and clinical implications underscore their importance in maintaining optimal function and health.
: TeachMeAnatomy. “Arteries of the Lower Limb – Thigh – Leg – Foot.” [source](https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/vessels/arterial-supply/)
: Biology LibreTexts. “18.6: Arteries of the Lower Limb.” [source](https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/West_Hills_College_-_Lemoore/Human_Anatomy_Laboratory_Manual_%28Hartline%29/18%3A_Cardiovascular_System_-_The_Blood_Vessels/18.06%3A_Arteries_of_the_Lower_Limb)
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