Diagrams: structure

Stomach Structure

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The Structure of the Stomach

The stomach is a key component of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, playing a crucial role in the digestion process. It is a muscular, J-shaped organ that not only digests food but also produces enzymes and acids essential for this process.

Location

The stomach is located in the upper abdomen on the left side of the body. It connects to the esophagus via a valve called the esophageal sphincter.

Anatomical Structure

The stomach is divided into four main regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. Each region has a specific role in the digestion process.

1. Cardia: This is the area around the opening where the esophagus connects to the stomach.
2. Fundus: The fundus is the dome-shaped region curving up above the cardiac opening.
3. Body: The body is the central and largest portion of the stomach.
4. Pylorus: This is the lowermost, somewhat funnel-shaped portion of the stomach, which narrows down where the stomach joins the small intestine.

Layers of the Stomach

The stomach wall consists of several layers:

1. Mucosa: This innermost layer is densely packed with gastric glands, which contain cells that produce digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus.
2. Submucosa: Located beneath the mucosa, this layer contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
3. Muscularis: This layer has three sub-layers of muscle tissue – an outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an inner oblique layer. These muscles allow the stomach to contract and relax, mixing and breaking down food.
4. Serosa: This is the outermost layer, which secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between the stomach and surrounding organs.

Function

The primary function of the stomach is to digest food and send it to the small intestine. It temporarily stores food, contracts and relaxes to mix and break down food, and produces enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food. The stomach’s ability to expand or contract depending on the amount of food contained within it is a unique feature. When contracted, the interior walls form numerous folds (rugae), which disappear when the walls are distended.

Conclusion

The stomach is a complex organ with a structure designed to efficiently carry out the process of digestion. Its strategic location, intricate structure, and the coordination of its various parts ensure the breakdown of food into simpler substances, facilitating the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Understanding the structure of the stomach is fundamental to comprehending the broader digestive system and its functions..

Stomach Structure Diagram - Stomach Structure Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Stomach Structure with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Stomach Structure

Virus Cell Structure With Labels

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Virus Cell Structure

Viruses are unique entities that straddle the line between living and non-living. They are much smaller than cells and are composed of a nucleic acid genome (either DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell known as a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope composed of lipids and proteins.

Nucleic Acid Genome

The genome of a virus is its genetic material, which carries the instructions for the replication of the virus. This genome can be either DNA or RNA, and it can be single-stranded or double-stranded. The genome is the core of the virus and is protected by the capsid.

Capsid

The capsid is a protective protein coat that encloses the viral genome. The shape of the capsid can vary from one type of virus to another. The capsid is made from proteins that are encoded by viral genes within their genome. The shape of the capsid serves as one basis for the classification of viruses.

Envelope
ome viruses have an envelope of phospholipids and proteins. The envelope is made from portions of the host’s cell membrane. It surrounds the capsid and helps protect the virus from the host’s immune system. The envelope may also have receptor molecules that can bind with host cells, making it easier for the virus to infect the cells.

Virus Shapes and Structures

Viruses come in different shapes and structures. Two main classes of viruses based on their structure are helical viruses and icosahedral viruses.

*Helical Viruses*: Helical capsids are made up of a single type of protein subunit stacked around a central axis to form a helical structure. This arrangement results in rod-shaped or filamentous virions. An example of a helical virus is the tobacco mosaic virus.

*Icosahedral Viruses*: Icosahedral capsid symmetry gives viruses a spherical appearance at low magnification, but the protein subunits are actually arranged in a regular geometrical pattern.

Viral Reproduction

Viruses reproduce by infecting their host cells and reprogramming them to become virus-making “factories”. A virus is an infectious particle that reproduces by “commandeering” a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses.

In conclusion, viruses are fascinating entities with complex structures that enable them to invade host cells and replicate. Their unique characteristics and diversity make them a significant area of study in biology and medicine.

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Virus Cell Structure With Labels

Human Brain External Structure

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The human brain, the main organ of the central nervous system, is a complex structure that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger, and every process that regulates our body. It is located in the head, protected by the cranium?.

The brain is made up of several distinct parts, each responsible for different functions. The largest part is the cerebrum, which is responsible for sensory interpretation, thought processing, and voluntary muscle activity. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, each having an inner core composed of white matter, and an outer surface – the cerebral cortex – composed of grey matter. The cortex has an outer layer, the neocortex, and an inner allocortex.

The cerebral hemispheres in humans have many folds to increase the surface area of the brain. The ridges are called gyri and the grooves are called sulci. Large sulci are often called fissures. The cerebrum is organized into folds called gyri and grooves called sulci. The cerebellum sits behind (posterior) and below (inferior) the cerebrum. The brainstem connects the brain with the spinal cord and exits from the ventral side of the brain.

The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are divided into four lobes. The frontal lobes are the most rostral, located in the front of the brain and are responsible for higher-level executive functions, like attention, critical thinking, and impulse control. The frontal lobes are also the location of the primary motor cortex, the region of the brain responsible for planning and executing movement.

The central sulcus lies caudal to the frontal lobe and divides the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes. The parietal lobes are important for processing sensory information. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and is responsible for the perception of touch and pain.

Three layers of protective covering called meninges surround the brain and the spinal cord. The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below that.

The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical signals throughout the body. Different signals control different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some make you feel tired, for example, while others make you feel pain. Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are relayed through the spine and across the body’s vast network

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Human Brain External Structure

Hiv Virus Structure Example Graphic

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HIV Virus Structure

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a complex retrovirus with a unique structure that plays a crucial role in its ability to infect human cells and cause AIDS.

Genome and Proteins

HIV’s genome is composed of two strands of positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution. The genome encodes a small number of viral proteins, which establish cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries.

Viral Proteins

HIV is composed of 15 types of viral proteins. These proteins play essential roles during the HIV life cycle. They allow the virus to infect cells of the immune system and force them to build new copies of the virus.

Viral Structure

The HIV virion is approximately 100 nm in diameter. Its innermost region consists of a cone-shaped core that includes two copies of the ssRNA genome, the enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, some minor proteins, and the major core protein. This core is enclosed by a capsid, which is further enclosed by a viral envelope and associated matrix.

Lipid Bilayer Membrane
urrounding the virus is a lipid bilayer membrane. This membrane contains a few proteins from the last host cell it infected. These proteins, along with the viral proteins, allow the virus to infect cells of the immune system and force them to build new copies of the virus.

Role of the RNA Genome

The two copies of RNA are often identical, yet they are not independent, but form a compact dimer within the virion. The dimeric nature of the RNA genome of the virus may play a structural role in viral replication. Having two copies of RNA would allow the reverse transcriptase to switch templates when encountering a break in the viral RNA, thus completing the reverse transcription without loss of genetic information.

Conclusion

The structure of HIV is a testament to its evolutionary success as a pathogen. Its unique structure allows it to effectively invade host cells and replicate, leading to the progression of AIDS in humans. Understanding the structure of HIV is crucial for the development of effective treatments and vaccines against this devastating virus.

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Hiv Virus Structure Example Graphic

Human Muscle Structure Described

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Human Muscle Structure

The human muscle system is a complex network that plays a crucial role in movement, posture, and balance. It is broadly divided into three types: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

1. Skeletal Muscle: These muscles are attached to the bones by tendons and are responsible for creating movement in the body. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles, making up about 40 percent of a person’s body weight. Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. When the nervous system signals the muscle to contract, groups of muscles work together to move the skeleton.

2. Smooth Muscle: Found in the walls of hollow organs, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels, smooth muscle is under involuntary control. Its wavelike movements propel things through the bodily system, such as food through your stomach or urine through your bladder.

3. Cardiac Muscle: This type of muscle makes up the walls of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of that vital pumping organ. It is under involuntary control and creates the steady, rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body.

A muscle consists of fibers of muscle cells surrounded by protective tissue, bundled together many more fibers, all surrounded in a thick protective tissue. Each fiber comprises many tiny strands called fibrils. Muscle movement happens when neurological signals produce electrical changes in muscle cells. During this process, calcium

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Human Muscle Structure Described

Hiv Virus Structure Example

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HIV Virus Structure

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a complex retrovirus that has been extensively studied since its discovery in 1983. The structure of HIV is unique and different from other retroviruses.
ize and Shape

The HIV virion is approximately 100 nm in diameter. Its innermost region consists of a cone-shaped core.

Genome

The HIV genome is composed of two copies of noncovalently linked, unspliced, positive-sense single-stranded RNA. The two RNA strands are not independent but form a compact dimer within the virion. The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome, extracted from infectious virions, has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution.

Proteins

HIV is composed of 15 types of viral proteins. These proteins allow the virus to infect cells of the immune system and force them to build new copies of the virus. The major core protein is located in the innermost region of the virus. In addition to the major core protein, the core also includes the enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, as well as some minor proteins.

Envelope

The virus is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. This membrane is derived from the host cell that the virus last infected.

Role of the RNA Strands

The two copies of RNA strands play a vital role in contributing to HIV-1 recombination, which occurs during reverse transcription of viral replication, thus increasing genetic diversity. Having two copies of RNA allows the reverse transcriptase to switch templates when encountering a break in the viral RNA, thus completing the reverse transcription without loss of genetic information. The dimeric nature of the RNA genome of the virus may also play a structural role in viral replication.

Conclusion

The structure of HIV is complex and unique, with each component playing a crucial role in the virus’s ability to infect host cells and replicate. Understanding the structure of HIV is key to developing effective treatments and vaccines for HIV infection.

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Hiv Virus Structure Example

Ear Anatomy And Structure

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The human ear is a complex organ that serves two primary functions: hearing and maintaining balance. It is anatomically divided into three distinct parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

Outer Ear

The outer ear consists of the visible portion called the auricle or pinna, which projects from the side of the head, and the short external auditory canal. The inner end of this canal is closed by the tympanic membrane, commonly known as the eardrum. The function of the outer ear is to collect sound waves and guide them to the tympanic membrane.

Middle Ear

The middle ear is a narrow, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone. It houses a chain of three tiny bones — the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), collectively known as the auditory ossicles. These ossicles conduct sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

Inner Ear

The inner ear, also known as the labyrinth, is a complex system of fluid-filled passages and cavities located deep within the temporal bone. It consists of two functional units: the vestibular apparatus, which contains the sensory organs of postural equilibrium, and the cochlea, which contains the sensory organ of hearing. These sensory organs are highly specialized endings of the eighth cranial nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Function

The ear’s primary function is to detect and analyze sound by transduction, which is the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses. It also maintains the sense of balance or equilibrium. The outer and middle ear serve only to conduct sound to the inner ear. The inner ear, on the other hand, is responsible for both hearing and maintaining balance.

Clinical Relations

Various conditions can affect the ear, including otitis (inflammation of the ear), blockage of the auditory (Eustachian) tube, and high tone deafness. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the ear is crucial in diagnosing and treating these conditions.

In conclusion, the human ear is a marvel of biological engineering, capable of detecting a wide range of sounds and helping us maintain our balance. Its complex structure and function make it an essential part of our sensory system..

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Ear Anatomy And Structure

Internal Structure Of Long Bone

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Internal Structure of Long Bones

Long bones, as the name suggests, are longer than they are wide. They are one of the types of bones classified based on their shape, and they play a crucial role in the skeletal system. Examples of long bones include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, and radius.

A long bone is primarily composed of two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

1. Diaphysis: The diaphysis, or the shaft, is the long, hollow, tubular structure that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The diaphysis is composed of a thick layer of compact bone, a dense and hard form of osseous tissue. Inside the diaphysis is the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow in an adult.

2. Epiphysis: The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis. Internally, the epiphysis is filled with spongy bone, another type of osseous tissue. Red bone marrow fills the spaces between the spongy bone in some long bones. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis.

3. Metaphysis: The metaphysis is the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone. When the bone stops growing in early adulthood (approximately 18–21 years), the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.

4. Endosteum: The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum. This is where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.

5. Periosteum: The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum. The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the periosteum.

6. Articular Cartilage: In the region where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints, the epiphyses are covered with articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

The internal structure of long bones is a marvel of nature’s engineering, providing strength, flexibility, and the ability to withstand stress. The intricate design of these bones allows them to perform their functions effectively, contributing to our ability to move and interact with our environment..

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Internal Structure Of Long Bone

External Structure Of Heart Anatomy Diagram Illustrated

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External Structure of the Heart

The heart, a muscular organ, pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. It is located in the middle mediastinum, enclosed in a two-layered serous sac known as the pericardium. The heart’s shape resembles a quadrangular pyramid, oriented as if the pyramid has fallen onto one side. Its base faces the posterior thoracic wall, and its apex points towards the anterior thoracic wall.

The heart has five surfaces: base (posterior), diaphragmatic (inferior), sternocostal (anterior), and left and right pulmonary surfaces. It also has several borders: right, left, superior, and inferior. The right margin is a small section of the right atrium that extends between the superior and inferior vena cava. The left margin is formed by the left ventricle and left auricle. The superior margin in the anterior view is formed by both atria and their auricles. The inferior margin is marked by the right ventricle.

The heart is divided into four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left). The right atrium and ventricle receive deoxygenated blood from systemic veins and pump it to the lungs, while the left atrium and ventricle receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the systemic vessels, which distribute it throughout the body.

The heart’s outermost layer is the epicardium (or visceral pericardium), which covers the heart, wraps around the roots of the great blood vessels, and adheres the heart wall to a protective sac. The middle layer is the myocardium, the strong muscle tissue that powers the heart’s pumping action.

The heart has four valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic. These valves ensure that blood flows in the correct direction. The heart’s blood supply comes from the right and left coronary arteries. Deoxygenated blood from the heart is drained by the coronary sinus, which includes the great, middle, and small cardiac veins, the left marginal vein, and the left posterior ventricular veins.

The heart is connected to the body’s circulatory system through several large blood vessels. The superior and inferior vena cavae carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

In conclusion, the heart’s external structure is complex and intricately designed to perform its vital function of pumping blood throughout the body. Its anatomy includes various surfaces, borders, chambers, valves, and blood vessels, each playing a crucial role in the heart’s operation..

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External Structure Of Heart Anatomy Diagram Illustrated

Hiv Virus Structure

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The Structure of the HIV Virus

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a complex entity that has been the subject of extensive research since its discovery in 1983. The structure of HIV is unique and different from other retroviruses.

Viral Composition

HIV is composed of two strands of RNA, 15 types of viral proteins, and a few proteins from the last host cell it infected, all surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. This composition allows the virus to infect cells of the immune system and force them to build new copies of the virus.

Genome and Proteins

The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome, extracted from infectious virions, has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution. The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins, invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries.

Viral Structure

The HIV virion is approximately 100 nm in diameter. Its innermost region consists of a cone-shaped core that includes two copies of the positive sense ssRNA genome, the enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, some minor proteins, and the major core protein.

Role of RNA

The two RNAs are often identical, yet they are not independent, but form a compact dimer within the virion. Several reasons as for why two copies of RNA are packaged rather than just one have been proposed, including probably a combination of these advantages: One advantage is that the two copies of RNA strands are vital in contributing to HIV-1 recombination, which occurs during reverse transcription of viral replication, thus increasing genetic diversity. Another advantage is that having two copies of RNA would allow the reverse transcriptase to switch templates when encountering a break in the viral RNA, thus completing the reverse transcription without loss of genetic information. Yet another reason is that the dimeric nature of the RNA genome of the virus may play a structural role in viral replication.

Conclusion

The structure of HIV is a testament to its ability to effectively invade host cells and replicate. Understanding this structure has been crucial in the development of treatments for HIV infection, including effective drug regimens that halt the growth of the virus. The structures also provide new hope for the development of a vaccine.

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Hiv Virus Structure

Human Leg Bone Structure

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The human leg, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex structure composed of numerous bones that work in harmony to provide support and mobility.

Femur (Thighbone)

The femur, or thighbone, is the longest and largest bone in the human body. It plays a crucial role in creating the ball-and-socket joint of the hip at its top and the knee joint at its lower end. The femur is also one of the strongest bones and can account for about a quarter of someone’s height.

Tibia (Shinbone) and Fibula (Calf Bone)

The second largest bone in the body is the tibia, also known as the shinbone. This long bone connects with the knee at one end and the ankle at the other. Adjacent to the tibia is the fibula, the thinner, weaker bone of the lower leg. Also known as the calf bone, the fibula sits slightly behind the tibia on the outside of the leg and is connected via ligaments to the two ends of the tibia.

Patella (Kneecap)

The patella, commonly known as the kneecap, is at the center of the knee. It aids in knee extension and protects the joint. As the knee bends, the patella slides along a groove in the femur.

Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

Below the tibia and fibula are seven bones known as the tarsals. These make up the ankle and upper portion of the foot. The seven tarsal bones include the calcaneus (heel bone), talus (ankle bone), cuboid, three cuneiforms, and navicular.

The five metatarsal bones in each foot create the body of the foot. Numbered one through five, the bone that sits behind the big toe is No. 1 and the one behind the little toe is No. 5.

The phalanges make up the toes. Each toe consists of three separate bones and two joints, except for the big toe, which only has two bones and one joint like the thumb in the hand. The three toe bones include the distal phalanges at the tip, middle phalanges, and proximal phalanges closest to the metatarsals. The big toes don’t have middle phalanges.

Conclusion

The human leg bone structure is a testament to the intricate design of the human body. Each bone, from the largest femur to the smallest phalange, plays a vital role in providing support, enabling movement, and maintaining balance. Understanding this structure is not only essential for medical professionals but also for anyone interested in the remarkable complexities of human anatomy.

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Human Leg Bone Structure

Human Muscle Structure Described Example

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Human Muscle Structure

The human muscle system is a complex network of tissues designed to provide movement and maintain posture. Broadly, human muscles can be classified into three types: striated (or skeletal) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

1. Striated (Skeletal) Muscle: These muscles are attached to the bones by tendons and are under voluntary control. They are responsible for all locomotion and mechanical bodily functions. For example, the biceps brachii muscle enables the bending of the elbow. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, making up about 40% of a person’s body weight. Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ constructed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves.

2. Smooth Muscle: Found in the walls of structures such as the urinary bladder, intestines, stomach, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels. These muscles are under involuntary control and their contractions are responsible for the wavelike movements that propel substances through the bodily system.

3. Cardiac Muscle: This muscle type makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of this vital pumping organ. It is under involuntary control and contracts in response to signals from the brain.

Each muscle consists of fibers of muscle cells surrounded by protective tissue. Bundled together are many more fibers, all surrounded by a thick protective tissue. Each fiber comprises many tiny strands called fibrils, and impulses from nerve cells control the contraction of each muscle fiber.

Muscle movement happens when neurological signals produce electrical changes in muscle cells. During this process, calcium is released into the cells and brings about a short muscle twitch. Problems with the junction between the cells, called a synapse, can lead to neuromuscular diseases.

Proper nutrition and exercise are important for keeping all muscles healthy, whether they are cardiac, smooth, or skeletal. Some muscular disorders and conditions that affect muscles include muscle pain, sprains and strains, bruising, cramping, myopathy, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis.

In conclusion, the human muscle system is a marvel of biological engineering, enabling us to perform a vast range of movements and tasks. Understanding its structure and function is crucial for maintaining health and treating diseases.

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Human Muscle Structure Described Example

Inner Ear Structure

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The inner ear, the innermost part of the ear, plays a crucial role in hearing and balance. It consists of tiny bony structures filled with fluid. As sound waves travel from the outer to the inner ear, they create waves in the fluid of the inner ear, which in turn moves the tiny hairs in the ear that send sound or movement signals to the brain. Problems with this part of the ear can result in hearing loss and balance issues.

The inner ear is made up of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth comprises three components:

1. Cochlea: The cochlea is made of a hollow bone shaped like a snail and divided into two chambers by a membrane. The chambers are full of fluid, which vibrates when sound comes in and causes the 30,000 tiny hairs lining the membrane to vibrate and send electrical impulses (sound signals) to the brain. The cochlea is about 9 millimeters wide at its widest point, and about 5 millimeters tall. If it could be uncoiled, the cochlea would be about 30 millimeters long.

2. Semicircular Canals: Also known as the labyrinthine, the semicircular canals rest on top of the cochlea, connected by the vestibule. There are three of them, and they line up at 90-degree angles to one another, which allows the brain to know which direction the head is moving. Like the cochlea, these canals are filled with fluid. They also contain small calcium crystals and tiny hairs that sense the movement of the fluid.

3. Vestibule: The vestibule is the central part of the bony labyrinth. It is separated from the middle ear by the oval window, and communicates anteriorly with the cochlea and posteriorly with the semicircular canals.

Inside the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth, which is also made up of three parts:

1. Cochlear Duct: This triangle-shaped duct is located inside the bony labyrinth and creates two canals that sit above and below it. These two canals—the scala vestibuli above the duct and the scala tympani below it—are separated from the main duct by membranes. The membrane between the cochlear duct and the scala tympani—also known as the basilar membrane—is where the primary hearing organ, the Organ of Corti, is located. The upper membrane is called Reissner’s membrane, which helps control the flow of fluid from the duct to the scala vestibuli.

2. Semicircular Ducts: This is where fluid, called endolymph, changes speed and direction when you move your head. Sensory receptors in these ducts detect this change and send information to your brain to help you maintain balance.

The inner ear is the last stop that sound waves make in a carefully orchestrated journey that starts from your outer ear. These waves travel from your outer ear through your middle ear to your inner ear. In the inner ear, the sound waves are converted into electrical energy, which your hearing nerve delivers to your brain as sound, making it possible for you to hear. At the same time, your inner ear monitors your movements, alerting your brain to changes so your brain can let your body know what to do to stay balanced..

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Inner Ear Structure

Internal Structure Of Human Stomach Visual

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The human stomach, a key organ in the digestive system, is a complex structure with several distinct regions and layers. It plays a crucial role in the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.

Location and Structure

The stomach is located in the upper abdomen on the left side of the body. It is a J-shaped organ that spans the region between the cardiac and pyloric orifices of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach’s convex lateral surface is known as the greater curvature, while the concave medial border is the lesser curvature.

Parts of the Stomach

The stomach comprises four major regions:
1. Cardia: The area around the opening where the esophagus connects to the stomach.
2. Fundus: The dome-shaped part located to the left of the cardia.
3. Body: The main, central region of the stomach.
4. Pylorus: The lower part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum.

Layers of the Stomach

The stomach wall consists of several layers:
1. Mucosa: The innermost layer, which produces enzymes and acids for digestion.
2. Submucosa: Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve cells.
3. Muscularis Externa: The primary muscle of the stomach, responsible for churning and mixing food.
4. Serosa: The outermost layer, a membrane that covers the stomach.

Function of the Stomach

The stomach’s primary function is to digest food and send it to the small intestine. It temporarily stores food, contracts and relaxes to mix and break down food, and produces enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food. The stomach works in conjunction with the rest of the gastrointestinal tract to break down food and liquid, absorb nutrients and water, and expel waste products of digestion through the large intestine.

Blood Supply and Innervation

The stomach receives its blood supply mainly from the celiac trunk. Innervation is provided via the vagus nerves and the celiac plexus.

Microscopic Anatomy

The inner part of the stomach lining, the gastric mucosa, consists of an outer layer of column-shaped cells, a lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa. Beneath the mucosa lies the submucosa, consisting of fibrous connective tissue.

In conclusion, the human stomach is a complex organ with a detailed internal structure. Its various parts and layers work together to perform the essential function of digesting food and absorbing nutrients, making it a vital component of the human digestive system..

Internal Structure Of Human Stomach Visual Diagram - Internal Structure Of Human Stomach Visual Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Internal Structure Of Human Stomach Visual with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Internal Structure Of Human Stomach Visual

Virus Cell Structure

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Virus Cell Structure

A virus is a tiny, infectious particle that can reproduce only by infecting a host cell. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and consist of a single- or double-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope composed of lipids and proteins.

Key Components of a Virus

1. Nucleic Acid Genome: A virus is made up of a DNA or RNA genome. This genome is the genetic material of the virus and contains the information needed for the virus to replicate.

2. Protein Capsid: The genome is enclosed within a protective protein coat called a capsid. The capsid is made from proteins that are encoded by viral genes within their genome. The shape of the capsid may vary from one type of virus to another.

3. Lipid Envelope: Many animal viruses also contain a lipid envelope. The envelope is made from portions of the host’s cell membrane. It surrounds the capsid and helps protect the virus from the host’s immune system. The envelope may also have receptor molecules that can bind with host cells, making it easier for the virus to infect the cells.

Types of Viruses Based on Structure

1. Helical Viruses: Helical capsids are made up of a single type of protein subunit stacked around a central axis to form a helical structure. This arrangement results in rod-shaped or filamentous virions. An example of a helical virus is the tobacco mosaic virus.

2. Icosahedral Viruses: Icosahedral capsid symmetry gives viruses a spherical appearance at low magnification, but the protein subunits are actually arranged in a regular geometrical pattern. They are not truly spherical.

Virus Reproduction

Viruses reproduce by infecting their host cells and reprogramming them to become virus-making “factories”. They “commandeer” the host cell and use its resources to make more viruses.

Conclusion

Viruses are unique entities that straddle the line between living and non-l

Virus Cell Structure Diagram - Virus Cell Structure Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Virus Cell Structure with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Virus Cell Structure

Heart Structure Diagram Image

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Heart Structure Diagram Image Diagram - Heart Structure Diagram Image Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Heart Structure Diagram Image with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Heart Structure Diagram Image

Structure Of The Heart Image

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The heart is the organ that helps supply blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is divided by a partition (or septum) into two halves, and the halves are in turn divided into four chambers. The heart is situated within the chest cavity and surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called the pericardium.
WebMD’s Heart Anatomy Page provides a detailed image of the heart and provides information on heart conditions, tests, and treatments. Skip to main content Check Your Symptoms Find A Doctor Find A Dentist Connect to Care Find Lowest Drug Prices
WebMD’s Heart Anatomy Page provides a detailed image of the heart and provides information on heart conditions, tests, and treatments. Skip to main content Check Your Symptoms Find A Doctor Find A Dentist Connect to Care Find Lowest Drug Prices

Structure Of The Heart Image Diagram - Structure Of The Heart Image Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Structure Of The Heart Image with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Structure Of The Heart Image

Hip Bone Structure Image

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1,047 hip bone stock photos and images available, or search for hip bone icon or hip bone 3d to find more great stock photos and pictures.
Bony Structures of the Hip The hip is formed where the thigh bone (femur) meets the three bones that make up the pelvis: the ilium, the pubis (pubic bone) and the ischium. These three bones converge to form the acetabulum, a deep socket on the outer edge of the pelvis.
Bony Structures of the Hip The hip is formed where the thigh bone (femur) meets the three bones that make up the pelvis: the ilium, the pubis (pubic bone) and the ischium. These three bones converge to form the acetabulum, a deep socket on the outer edge of the pelvis.

Hip Bone Structure Image Diagram - Hip Bone Structure Image Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Hip Bone Structure Image with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Hip Bone Structure Image

Structure Of The Cardiovascular System Image

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Cardiovascular System: Structure & Function. The cardiovascular system or circulatory system is a system which moves nutrients, gases and wastes between cells, helps fight diseases, and transports blood throughout the body (Circulatory System). The main components of the human cardiovascular system include the heart, blood,…
Cardiovascular system – Histology 10 Cardiovascular system Blood circulates throughout the body in blood vessels, propelled by the pumping action of the heart. Blood vessels form a continuous path for blood flow that starts and ends at the heart.
Cardiovascular system – Histology 10 Cardiovascular system Blood circulates throughout the body in blood vessels, propelled by the pumping action of the heart. Blood vessels form a continuous path for blood flow that starts and ends at the heart.

Structure Of The Cardiovascular System Image Diagram - Structure Of The Cardiovascular System Image Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Structure Of The Cardiovascular System Image with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Structure Of The Cardiovascular System Image

Structure Of The Liver Image

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A layer of fibrous tissue called Glisson’s capsule covers the outside of the liver. This capsule is further covered by the peritoneum, a membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity. This helps hold the liver in place and protects it from physical damage. Unlike most organs, the liver has two major sources of blood.
4,742 human liver anatomy stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images.
4,742 human liver anatomy stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images.

Structure Of The Liver Image Diagram - Structure Of The Liver Image Chart - Human anatomy diagrams and charts explained. This anatomy system diagram depicts Structure Of The Liver Image with parts and labels. Best diagram to help learn about health, human body and medicine.

Structure Of The Liver Image